Several processes account for memory failure, including decay, interference (both proactive and retroactive), and cue-dependent forgetting. Among the memory dysfunctions are Alzheimer’s disease, which leads to a progressive lost of memory and amnesia, a memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties and that can take two forms: retroactive amnesia and anterogade amnesia. Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disease that ...
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is the temporary inability to remember information that one is certain one knows. Retrieval cues are a major strategy for recalling information successfully. The levels-of-processing approach to memory suggests that the way in which information is initially perceived and analyzed, determines the success with which it is recalled. The deeper the initial processing, the ...
Memory is the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information. Sensory memory, corresponding to each of the sensory systems, is the first place where information is saved. Sensory memories are very brief, but they are precise, storing a nearly exact replica of a stimulus. Roughly seven (plus or minus two) chunks of information ...
Cognitive approaches to learning consider learning in terms of thought processes, or cognition. Phenomena such as latent learning–in which a new behavior is learned but not performed until some incentive is provided for its performance–and the apparent development of cognitive maps support cognitive approaches. Learning also occurs from observing the behavior of others. The major ...
Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened. According to B.F. Skinner, the major mechanism underlying learning is reinforcement, the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. Primary reinforcers are rewards that are naturally effective without prior experience because they satisfy ...